[스크랩] 가정법 (Subjunctive Mood)
가정법 (Subjunctive Mood)
1. 법(法)의 종류
(1) 직설법
어떤 사실을 그대로 표현하는 방법으로서 평서문, 의문문, 감탄문을 포함한다.
ex) I go to school by bus every day.
We don't think that he is honest.
I am sorry I can't swim well.
(2) 명령법
상대방에게 명령 요구 금지 등을 나타낸다.
ex 1) Go to school on foot.
2) Let me go to help him. = I will go to help him.
① 명령문, and- = If you-, (-하여라, 그러면)
ex 1) Get up early, and you will be in time for the first train.
= If you get up early, you will be -.
② 명령문, or = If you do not-, (하여라 ,그렇지 않으면)
ex 1) Work hard, or you will fail.
= If you don't work hard, you will fail.
= Unless you work hard, you will fail.
(3) 가정법
사실과 반대되는 것을 가정하거나 상상하는 경우
ex 1) If I were a bird, I could fly to her.
= As I am not a bird, I can't fly to her.
2. 가정법의 종류
(1) 가정법 현재
현재 혹은 미래에 대한 단순한 가정이나 불확실한 상상을 나타내며, 조건절의 동사는 원형을 쓰는 것이 원칙이지만 현대 영어에서는 직설법을 쓰는 것이 정상이다.
조건절(종속절) 만일 ∼ 한다면
귀결절(주절) ∼할 것이다.
If ∼ 동사원형(혹은 현재형)
∼ shall(will) + 동사원형
If he come (or comes), I will go there with him.
(2) 가정법 미래
현재나 미래에 대한 강한 의심이나 있을 수 없는 일에 대한 강한 가정.
조건절(종속절) 만일 ∼한다면
귀결절(주절) ∼할 것이다.
If ∼ should + 동사원형
were to
{ ∼ would(will) + 동사원형
should(shall)
① 조건절에 should를 쓰는 경우: 미래에 대한 강한 의심을 나타낸다.
(인칭에 관계없이 should를 쓴다)
ex 1) If it should rain tomorrow, the party would not be held.
② were to를 쓰는 경우: 미래에 실현이 불가능한 일을 상상할 때.
(인칭에 관계없이 were to를 쓴다)
ex 1) If I were to be young again, I would go to Saudi Arabia.
2) If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not break my word.
(3) 가정법 과거
현재의 사실에 반대되는 것을 가정할 때
(조건절) ∼ 한다면
(귀결절) ∼ 하겠는데
If ∼ were, 혹은 과거형
∼ would, should, could, might + 동사원형
가정법 과거의 조건절의 be동사는 인칭에 관계없이 were이다.
ex 1) If I were rich, I could buy a car. (현재로 해석함)
= As I am not rich, I cannot buy a car.
2) If I knew his address, I could write to him.
= As I don't know his address, I cannot write to him.
(4) 가정법 과거완료
과거의 사실에 반대되는 일을 가정하는 경우
(조건절) 만일 ∼ 하였다면
(귀결절) ∼ 했을 텐데
If ∼ had + P.P (과거분사)
would, should, could, might + have + P.P
ex 1) If he had worked harder, he could have succeeded. (과거로 해석함)
= He didn't work hard, so he could not succeed.
2) If it had been fine, we would have gone on a picnic.
= As it was not fine, we didn't go on a picnic.
가정법 정리
가정법 현재 : 현재 또는 미래에 대한 불확실한 것을 상상
If + 주어 + 동사원형(또는 현재시제),
주어 + will, shall, can, may + 동사원형
가정법 미래 : 미래(현재)에 대한 강한 의심, 주어의 의지, 실현 불가능한일 가정
If + 주어 + should(강한 의심)
would(주어의 의지) + R,
were to(전혀 불가능)
주어 + would(will)
should(shall) + 동사원형
가정법 과거 : 현재 사실에 대한 정반대 되는 것을 가정
If + 주어 + were(인칭에 관계없음)
동사의 과거형
조동사의 과거형 + 동사원형,
주어 + would
should + 동사원형
could
가정법 과거완료 : 과거사실에 대한 정반대 되는 것을 가정
If + 주어 + had + 과거분사,
주어 + should, would + have + 과거분사
could, might
ex 1) If it rain[rains] tomorrow, I will not start. (미래에 대한 불확실)
2) If he be[is] brave, he will try it again. (현재에 대한 의심)
3) If he be[is] old, I will not employ him. (조건 부사절)
If he be[is] old, I will employ him. (양보부사절)
4) God bless you! May God bless you!
5) I suggested that he (should) take her.
ex 1) If it should rain tomorrow, I shall not start.
2) If I should fail, I would try again.
3) If he should go there, he would be killed.
→ Should he go there, he would be killed.
4) If you would try harder, you would surely succeed.
5) If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not change my mind.
6) If it be[is] fine tomorrow, I will go out. (좋을지 모르겠다, 가정법현재)
If it should be fine tomorrow, I would go out. (좋지 않겠다, 가정법미래)
If it were to be fine tomorrow, I would go out. (도저히 좋을 리가 없다, 가정법미래)
ex 1) As I am poor, I cannot buy the book. (직설법현재)
→ If I were not poor, I could buy the book. (가정법과거)
→ Were I not poor, I could buy the book. (If가 생략됨)
→ But for[Without] my poverty, I could buy the book.
→ If it were not for my poverty, I could buy the book.
→ Were it not for my poverty, I could buy the book. (If가 생략됨)
2) As I don't know her address, I do not write to her. (직설법현재)
→ If I knew her address, I would write to her. (가정법과거)
3) It is (high) time (that) you should go to bed.
= It is (high) time (that) you went go bed.
= It is (high) time for you to go to bed.
⇒ It is (high) time (that) 다음에 과거동사 또는 should + 동사원형이 쓰이면, '이미 ∼했어야 하는데 지금도 않고 있으니 당장해야된다'는 의미로서 긴급사항, 필요, 재촉 등을 나타낸다.
ex 1) As I was ill, I did not go there. (직설법과거)
→ If I had not been ill, I would have gone there. (가정법과거완료)
→ Had I not been ill, I would have gone there. (If가 생략됨)
→ But for[Without] my illness, I would have gone there.
→ If it had not been for my illness, I would have gone there.
→ Had it not been for my illness, I would have gone there. (If가 생략됨)
2) As he didn't study harder, he failed. (직설법과거)
→ If he had studied harder, he would not have failed. (가정법과거완료)
3) If he were honest, he would not do it. (가정법과거)
→ Were he honest, he would not do it. (If의 생략)
4) If I possessed the book, I would lend it to you. (가정법과거)
→ Did I possess the book, I would lend it to you. (If의 생략)
3. 특별한 형식의 가정법
(1) I wish + 가정법 ⇒ 실현할 수 없는 소원
① I wish + 가정법 과거
현재에 이룰 수 없는 원망. [∼하면 좋을 텐데]
ex 1) I wish it were true.
= I am sorry it is not true.
② I wish + 가정법 과거완료
과거에 이루지 못한 원망(怨望)을 나타냄. [∼하였더라면 좋았을 텐데]
ex) I wish I had bought the book.
= I am sorry I did not buy the book.
I wish[would that] + 주어 + 복수과거동사 ⇒ 가정법과거(현재사실의 반대)
주어 + had + p.p ⇒ 가정법과거완료(과거에 실현치 못한 소망)
ex 1) I wish I were a bird. (가정법과거)
= Would that I were a bird. (가정법과거)
= I am sorry I am not a bird. (직설법현재)
2) I wish I had learned English in my youth. (가정법과거완료)
= I am sorry I did not learned English in my youth.
(2) as if[though] + 가정법
현재나 과거의 사실에 반대되는 일을 가정하는 것. [마치--처럼]
① as if + 가정법 과거: [마치 ∼처럼]
ex) He talks as if he knew the fact.
= In fact he doesn't know the fact.
② as if + 가정법 과거완료: [마치 ∼했던 것처럼]
ex) He talked as if he had heard the news.
= In fact he hadn't heard the news.
as if[as though] + 주어 + 복수과거동사 ⇒ 가정법과거(마치 ∼인 것처럼)
주어 + had + p.p ⇒ 가정법과거완료(마치 ∼이었던 것처럼)
ex 1) He talks as if he knew everything. (가정법과거)
2) He talks as though he were my friend. (가정법과거)
3) He talks as if he had read the novel. (가정법과거완료)
(3) If it were not for ∼ [이 없다면] (가정법 과거)
If it had not been for ∼ [이 없었다면] (가정법 과거완료)
ex 1) If it were not for your help, I should be in trouble.
2) If it had not been the umbrella, I would have gotten wet.
※ If it were not for∼, If it had not been for∼ 대신에 But for 또는 Without을 쓸 수 있다.
ex 1) But for[Without] your help, he would fail.
= If it were not for your help, he would fail.
2) But for[Without] your help, I should have failed.
= It it had not been for your help, I should have failed.
※ 문장의 전후로 보아 조건절이 생략되는 경우도 있다.
ex 1) Breathing would be difficult for you on a high mountain.
= If you were on a high mountain, breathing would be difficult.
2) A wise boy would not say so. (주절에 조건의 뜻이 포함)
= If he were a wise boy, he would not say so.
조건절 상당어구
: 주절에 있는 명사, 부사(구), 부정사, 접속사, 전치사, 분사 등이 조건절을 대신하는 경우. 명사 . 대명사가 조건절을 대신할 때
ex 1) A Korean would not do such a thing.
→ If he were a Korean, he would not do such a thing.
2) A true friend would have acted differently.
→ If he had been a true friend, he would have acted differently.
부사 . 부사구가 조건절을 대신할 때
ex 1) I would not do such a thing in your place.
→ I would not do such a thing if I were in your place.
2) You could have lived there in comfort.
→ You could have lived in comfort if you had been there.
부정사가 조건절을 대신할 때
ex 1) I should be very glad to speak English.
→ I should be very glad if I could speak English.
2) To hear him talk, you would take him for a foreigner.
→ If you heard[were to hear] him talk, you would take him for a foreigner.
접속사가 조건절을 대신할 때
ex 1) I am ill now, or[or less, otherwise] I would go there. (주절; 가정법)
직설법현재 if I were not ill (조건절; 가정법과거)
2) He worked very hard, otherwise he would have failed. (주절; 가정법과거완료)
직설법과거
if he had not worked very hard(조건절 가 정법과거 완료)
전치사가 조건절을 대신할 때
ex 1) With your help, I would succeed.
→ If I had your help, I would succeed.
2) With your help, I would have succeed.
→ If I had had your help, I would have succeeded.
3) But for[Without] the sun, nothing could live on the earth.
→ If it were not for the sun, nothing could live on the earth.
→ Were it not for the sun, nothing could live on the earth.
분사 . 형용사가 조건절을 대신할 때
ex 1) Doing such a thing, you would repent it.
→ If you did such a thing, you would repent it.
2) The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to great disaster.
→ The same thing, if it should happen in wartime, would amount to great disaster.
3) Anybody who should do such a thing would be laughed at.
→ If anybody should do such a thing, he would be laughed at.
주절 또는 조건절이 생략될 때
ex 1) If a bee were to sting her nose! (what would be the result? 주절생략)
2) Don't If anybody should come! (what would be the result? 주절생략)
3) I could have gone to America then (if I had wanted to. 조건절생략)
가정법 기타
혼합가정법(주절과 조건절의 시제가 서로 다른 경우)
ex 1) As he helped me then, I am alive now.
→ If he had not helped me then, I should not be alive now.
2) As I did not take your advice then, I am not happier now.
→ If I had taken your advice then, I should be happier now.
명령문 + and ∼ = ∼해라, 그러면 ∼할 것이다.
명령문 + or ∼ = ∼해라, 그렇지 않으면 ∼할 것이다.
ex 1) Work hard, and you will succeed.
→ If you work hard, you will succeed.
2) Hurry up, and you will catch the train.
→ If you hurry up, you will catch the train.
3) Work hard, or you will fail.
→ If you do not work hard, you will fail.
→ Unless you work hard, you will fail.
조건을 나타내는 접속사 . 전치사구
ex 1) If you are tired, you may go home. (피곤하면)
2) If[Even if] he is old, he is still strong. (비록 늙었지만)
3) Do you know if he is at home. (있는지 없는지)
in case (that) + 주어 + 동사
= in case of + (동)명사
= in the event of + (동)명사
⇒ ∼할 경우에는, 만일 ∼한다면
provided (that) ∼
= on condition that ∼
= suppose (that) ∼
= so long as ∼
⇒ 만일 ∼하기만 한다면
ex 1) I will wear a raincoat in case (that) it rain.
2) I case of fire, push the button.
3) You may take it provided (that) you return it tomorrow.
4) I will do it on condition that you help me.
5) Suppose you can't come, who will do the work?
6) You may stay here so long as you keep silent.
[End of Subjunctive Mood]